Brief History of The Blue Mountains
Shrouded almost perpetually by mists that give Jamaica’s highest mountains their bluish color, the Blue Mountain range sprawls across the eastern portion of the island for a length of 28 miles and an average width of about 12 miles. They rise steeply in an area so compact that it is possible to drive from the coastal plains to an elevation of over 7,000 feet in less than an hour.
When
Columbus discovered Jamaica in 1494, the mountains were heavily forested. Early
Spanish settlers established their hatos or cattle ranches at
the foot of the Blue Mountains on the southern coast at Liguanea, the Yallahs
Valley and around the Morant Bay area. However, their numbers were few and it
was after the island was captured by the English that the lower slopes were cleared
for farming and the forests were harvested to meet the great demand in England
for Jamaican hardwoods. Today, economic and population pressures have pushed
the forest line to around 2000 ft. on the northern slopes and almost 5000 ft.
on the southern slopes.
The
194,000 acre Blue Mountain and John Crow Mountain National Park was established
in 1992 to preserve some of the remaining forests and to protect the island’s
largest watershed. The park comprises about 6% of Jamaica’s total land mass.
These diverse mountain forests have more than 800 species of endemic plants,
the world’s second largest butterfly, Papilo homerus, 200 species
of resident and migrant birds and is one of the largest migratory bird habitats
in the Caribbean. There are also more than 500 species of flowering plants of
which almost one half are native to Jamaica. Of these, the most interesting is
perhaps the Jamaican bamboo, Chusquea abietifolia, that flowers only once every 33 years. The
next flowering will take place in 2017.
From
Kingston, two approaches via Irish Town and Guava Ridge converge at the town of
Section where the road continues down to Bull Bay on the North Coast. This is
the only road that traverses the Blue Mountains and is the main access to the
region. All other roads follow the river valleys from the main road around the
island to penetrate the lower slopes of the Blue Mountains including the Port
Antonio - Bowden road that follows the Rio Grande between the Blue Mountains
and the John Crow Mountains.
It
is this eastern face of the Blue Mountains that receives more than 300 inches
of rain each year, providing water for almost one half of Jamaica’s population.
Together with the John Crow Mountains, this area is Jamaica’s last remaining
rainforest where many rare and exotic plants can be found as well as the
world’s second largest butterfly. The land is particularly rugged and when the
Spanish fled Jamaica, their freed slaves escaped to these mountains. The
Winward Maroons, as they later became known, were led by Nanny, a legendary
chieftainess who is said to have possessed magical powers. They harassed the
English for decades before signing a treaty whereby they were allowed to live
in relative autonomy.
There
are some very pleasant walks from the small towns along the Port Antonio -
Bowden road, especially at Ginger House where there is a pretty waterfall
beside a cave and a mineral spring. A swinging bridge across the river connects
Ginger House to Cornwall Barracks where British troops once launched their
assaults on the Winward Maroons. However, hikes up into the forests are usually
very rugged, river crossing, machete wielding, trailblazing affairs. For
intrepid explorers, there are trails from the Rio Grande valley to Nanny Town,
the original hideout of the Winward Maroons, and to Bath Fountain in St. Thomas
where there are hot mineral springs.
The
Peak, 7402 ft.
The
traditional Blue Mountain trek is the 7 mile hike to the peak with an increase
in altitude of 3000 ft. Jamaicans prefer to reach the peak at sunrise so the
3-4 hour hike is usually undertaken in darkness. The unfolding dawn is very
beautiful and on clear mornings, expansive views capture both the north and
south coasts. It is well worth the effort although the garbage and graffiti on
the little cabins at the top are a disappointment. On leaving the cleared
mountaintop, the return trip reveals the botanical richness of the mountain.
The trail passes through an elfin forest of stunted soapwood and rodwood trees,
their low canopy resulting from extreme climatic conditions. Gradually, the
cloud forest takes over with its dense, shaded undergrowth of mosses, lichens,
ferns, lianas and lesser trees and gives way to primeval tree ferns, bamboos
and shrubs that peter out at the forest line above Whitfield Hall.
Other
Trails
The true atmosphere of the Blue Mountains is found in the hundreds of paths that connect villages with planting grounds and other villages. These are not recreational trails but utilitarian tracks used by people who live and work in the mountains. There are some nice walks around Newcastle on the Kingston to Buff Bay Road where trails lead to Catherine’s Peak and Mt. Horeb. Beyond Newcastle, the Holywell forest reserve at Hardwar Gap is noted for its tree ferns and birdlife.
The true atmosphere of the Blue Mountains is found in the hundreds of paths that connect villages with planting grounds and other villages. These are not recreational trails but utilitarian tracks used by people who live and work in the mountains. There are some nice walks around Newcastle on the Kingston to Buff Bay Road where trails lead to Catherine’s Peak and Mt. Horeb. Beyond Newcastle, the Holywell forest reserve at Hardwar Gap is noted for its tree ferns and birdlife.
On the Guava Ridge to
Section road, there is a short walk (one mile) from Content Gap to
Charlottenberg, an old great house with fine antiques and a beautiful garden.
Closer to Section is the road to Clydesdale, an old coffee plantation that is
now used as a nursery for the Forestry Department. About two and a half miles
above Clydesdale, is the Cinchona Botanical Garden that was established in 1868
to grow cinchona trees for the manufacture of quinine. When the project failed,
it was taken over by the Jamaica Department of Gardens and Plantations.
Although it is now much reduced in size and in semi-abandoned condition, there is
a wonderful collection of trees and flowering shrubs from all over the world.
Blue
Mountain Coffee
The once forested, lower slopes of the Blue Mountains are now mostly grasslands but some areas are used for the cultivation of vegetables, spices and the world renowned Blue Mountain coffee. The first coffee seedlings were brought to Jamaica from Hispaniola in 1728 by the Governor, Sir Nicholas Lawes. The mountain slopes were cleared to establish coffee plantations and by the first quarter of the 19th century, Jamaica was the leading coffee producer in the world. The industry fell into decline after Emancipation when Jamaica could no longer compete with slave owning countries like Brazil and Cuba.
The once forested, lower slopes of the Blue Mountains are now mostly grasslands but some areas are used for the cultivation of vegetables, spices and the world renowned Blue Mountain coffee. The first coffee seedlings were brought to Jamaica from Hispaniola in 1728 by the Governor, Sir Nicholas Lawes. The mountain slopes were cleared to establish coffee plantations and by the first quarter of the 19th century, Jamaica was the leading coffee producer in the world. The industry fell into decline after Emancipation when Jamaica could no longer compete with slave owning countries like Brazil and Cuba.
Today, Jamaican Blue Mountain
coffee is considered to be among the best of the gourmet coffees in the world.
To ensure the quality, the Jamaica Coffee Industry Board set standards for the
coffee beans and the processing in order to carry the ‘Blue Mountain Coffee’
label. 90% of the island’s production is exported to Japan.
Although some coffee estates
remain, most of the beans are grown on small plots by local farmers.
Considering the retail price of Jamaican coffee worldwide, the farmers get a
pittance for their crop and some opt to roast and sell their own beans. A
number of them can be found on the Kingston-Buff Bay road near the little town
of Section. The process of hand picking ripe berries then drying, curing and
roasting the beans is time consuming. Each farmer has his own ‘secret’ process
and is happy to explain why his is the very best. It’s an excellent opportunity
for coffee connoisseurs to sample a variety of roasts and to purchase a truly
unique product.
